Congenital Melanocytic Nevus (CMN)
Commonly known as moles, these birthmarks are made up of pigment cells and are usually present at birth or appear within the first year of life.
CMN are classified by their greatest diameter in adulthood:
- Small: <1.5 cm
- Medium: 1.5–19.9 cm
- Large: 20 cm and above
They appear as flat or slightly raised light to dark brown lesions that may thicken over time. There is a slightly increased risk of cancerous change, though this is low in small and medium CMN and higher in large CMN.
Treatment:
Depends on size, site, and cosmetic impact. Small and medium CMN are often monitored, while large CMN may require specialist evaluation and discussion with your dermatologist.
Epidermal Nevus (EN)
EN are benign birthmarks caused by thickening of the outer skin layer. Usually present at birth or early childhood, they appear as brown, velvety, or warty plaques that may form in a linear or wavy pattern.
Treatment:
EN may be left untreated if harmless, but options like cryotherapy, electrosurgery, laser removal, or surgical excision can be considered for cosmetic reasons or irritation.
Nevus Sebaceous (NS)
NS are congenital birthmarks formed by an overgrowth of oil glands, most commonly found on the face and scalp. They appear as yellow to tan, hairless patches with a smooth or velvety texture. Over time, new growths may develop, so regular assessment by a dermatologist is advised.
Treatment:
Small NS may be observed, while larger lesions may benefit from surgical removal.
Port-Wine Stains
These are vascular birthmarks caused by abnormal blood vessel development, appearing at birth as pink to pale purple patches, often on the head, neck, or limbs. With age, the color deepens and the skin may become thicker or bumpy.
While usually harmless, port-wine stains can sometimes be linked to underlying conditions, so dermatologic evaluation is recommended.
Treatment:
Laser therapy can help lighten the marks — early treatment offers better results. Multiple sessions may be needed, depending on the color and location.
Infantile Haemangioma (IH)
IH are collections of tiny blood vessels that appear in infants, most often on the head and neck, and are more common in girls, premature babies, and twins.
They start as red or blue patches, typically appearing weeks after birth, grow rapidly in the first few months, then stabilize and fade gradually — at a rate of about 10% per year.
Treatment:
Consult your dermatologist to determine if treatment is necessary. Options include topical or oral medication, laser therapy, or surgery, depending on the lesion’s size and location.